# What grows at 35.0645, -86.5914 Generated 2026-10-09 from open data. These are starting points, not answers: check them against local knowledge, a soil test, and your own records. ## The site - Climate class Cfa; average 15.4 °C; 1376 mm of rain a year; USDA hardiness zone about 8a. - Last spring frost around March 31 and first fall frost around November 3; at least 207 frost-free days in 8 years of 10. - 2774 growing degree days a year (°C, base 10); about 1048 chill hours in winter. - Over the record, the later fifteen years were +0.5 °C warmer than the earlier fifteen. - Soil: Dickson silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes — Moderately well drained, 4.0% slope; topsoil pH 6.2, organic matter 2.8%. - Left bare, this soil would erode at about 26 times the rate it can tolerate: keep it covered — cover crops, perennial forage, buffers. *Climate is from NASA POWER's grid, tens of kilometres across: winter lows and frost dates in a field can be colder than shown.* ## Food crops, simulated on this site's weather - Bambara groundnut: 2 of 2 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 136–141 days. Sow April 9 to June 18. - Barley: 1 of 3 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 261–261 days. Sow October 15 to April 2. - Bell and chili pepper: 5 of 5 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 155–182 days. Sow April 9 to May 28. - Bread wheat: 5 of 8 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 229–248 days. Sow September 3 to March 19. - Cabbage: 3 of 3 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 116–150 days. Sow March 12 to August 6. - Chickpea: 32 of 32 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 96–153 days. Sow February 19 to August 27. - Common bean: 30 of 30 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 75–107 days. Sow April 9 to August 13. - Cotton: 17 of 17 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 118–172 days. Sow April 9 to July 16. - Cowpea: 10 of 12 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 136–197 days. Sow April 9 to July 2. - Faba bean: 2 of 2 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 119–121 days. Sow February 12 to August 6. - Flax (linseed): 1 of 1 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 87–87 days. Sow March 5 to August 13. - Grain amaranth: 2 of 2 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 87–91 days. Sow February 12 to August 13. - Guar: 2 of 2 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 182–182 days. Sow April 9 to June 4. - Hemp: 6 of 7 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 59–238 days. Sow April 9 to September 17. - Lentil: 6 of 6 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 100–113 days. Sow any time of year. - Maize (corn): 166 of 166 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 86–148 days. Sow April 9 to July 30. - Peanut: 38 of 38 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 133–178 days. Sow April 9 to July 2. - Pearl millet: 48 of 60 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 99–176 days. Sow April 9 to July 30. - Pigeon pea: no cultivar matures before frost here. - Quinoa: 2 of 2 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 88–91 days. Sow March 12 to August 27. - Rapeseed (canola): 3 of 3 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 96–128 days. Sow March 5 to July 30. - Rice: 42 of 55 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 122–190 days. Sow April 9 to July 2. Raised in a nursery and transplanted at 25 days: 35 of 55. - Rye: 2 of 2 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 251–251 days. Sow September 24 to March 26. - Safflower: 5 of 5 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 103–115 days. Sow April 9 to August 13. - Sorghum: 51 of 55 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 113–191 days. Sow April 9 to July 9. - Soybean: 36 of 59 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 89–200 days. Sow April 9 to August 20. - Sunflower: 11 of 11 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 81–128 days. Sow any time of year. - Tomato: 4 of 4 cultivars mature 8 years in 10, in 120–131 days. Sow April 9 to July 2. Heat that stops its fruit set — 32/26 °C by day and night over the 10 days before flowering (Sato et al. 2000) — does not come here: the warmest such stretch of nights in thirty years averaged 25.3 °C. - Velvet bean: no cultivar matures before frost here. ## Fruit trees by winter chill Winters here give at least 1090 chill hours (hours between 0 and 7.2 °C, November to March) 8 years in 10. Against published cultivar requirements — stone fruit compiled by Fadón and others (2020), apples by González Noguer and others (2023, the dessert and cider apples), pears measured by Fadón and others (2023) — taken in many countries and by several methods, so a guide, not a guarantee, this many cultivars of each would get their chill. - Almond: 68 of 68 cultivars - European apricot: 26 of 41 cultivars - Japanese apricot (ume): 6 of 8 cultivars - Peach: 115 of 126 cultivars - Nectarine: 10 of 10 cultivars - Flat peach: 7 of 7 cultivars - European plum: 4 of 9 cultivars - Japanese plum: 16 of 16 cultivars - Cherry: 25 of 40 cultivars - Apple: 55 of 78 cultivars - Pear: 16 of 16 cultivars Bloom and frost: for 185 cultivar estimates whose studies also give a heat requirement, bloom is simulated on this site's own winters — chill from November 1, then heat — and a year counts as frosted when the minimum falls to −2.2 °C (28 °F) or below within two weeks after bloom. The grid's minimums are milder than an orchard floor's, so the counts err low. - Almond: blooms February 4 to March 12 (median February 20); frost after bloom in 8 years of 10. - European apricot: blooms March 14 to April 15 (median March 23); frost after bloom in 3 years of 10. For 9 of its 32 estimates, chill falls short in more than 2 winters of 10. - Japanese apricot (ume): blooms December 18 to March 21 (median February 28); frost after bloom in 7 years of 10. For 2 of its 6 estimates, chill falls short in more than 2 winters of 10. - Peach: blooms March 19 to April 13 (median March 26); frost after bloom in 2 years of 10. For 5 of its 34 estimates, chill falls short in more than 2 winters of 10. - Nectarine: blooms March 16 to April 2 (median March 21); frost after bloom in 4 years of 10. - Japanese plum: blooms March 12 to April 5 (median March 27); frost after bloom in 2 years of 10. - Cherry: blooms March 29 to April 30 (median April 28); frost after bloom in 0 years of 10. - Apple: blooms April 7 to April 23 (median April 15); frost after bloom in 0 years of 10. - Pear: blooms April 1 to April 5 (median April 3); frost after bloom in 1 years of 10. ## Suits the site (90) Alfalfa (*Medicago sativa*), American basswood (*Tilia americana*), American beachgrass (*Ammophila breviligulata*), American chestnut (*Castanea dentata*), American elderberry (*Sambucus canadensis*), American hazelnut (*Corylus americana*), American persimmon (*Diospyros virginiana*), American sycamore (*Platanus occidentalis*), Bambara groundnut (*Vigna subterranea*), Beach plum (*Prunus maritima*), Bell and chili pepper (*Capsicum annuum*), Bigleaf hydrangea (*Hydrangea macrophylla*), Black walnut (*Juglans nigra*), Black willow (*Salix nigra*), Black-eyed Susan (*Rudbeckia hirta*), Bread wheat (*Triticum aestivum*), Buttonbush (*Cephalanthus occidentalis*), Cabbage (*Brassica oleracea var. capitata*), Canada goldenrod (*Solidago canadensis*), Chickpea (*Cicer arietinum*), Chicory and radicchio (*Cichorium intybus*), Common bean (*Phaseolus vulgaris*), Common hackberry (*Celtis occidentalis*), Common ninebark (*Physocarpus opulifolius*), Common vetch (*Vicia sativa*), Coralberry (*Symphoricarpos orbiculatus*), Cotton (*Gossypium hirsutum*), Cowpea (*Vigna unguiculata*), Douglas-fir (*Pseudotsuga menziesii*), Eastern cottonwood (*Populus deltoides*), Eastern gamagrass (*Tripsacum dactyloides*), Eastern redbud (*Cercis canadensis*), Eastern redcedar (*Juniperus virginiana*), Eastern white pine (*Pinus strobus*), European larch (*Larix decidua*), Faba bean (*Vicia faba*), Flax (linseed) (*Linum usitatissimum*), Foxtail millet (*Setaria italica*), Grain amaranth (*Amaranthus cruentus*), Guar (*Cyamopsis tetragonoloba*), Hazel alder (*Alnus serrulata*), Hemp (*Cannabis sativa*), Honey locust (*Gleditsia triacanthos*), Hybrid poplar (*Populus × canadensis*), Jerusalem artichoke (*Helianthus tuberosus*), Kentucky bluegrass (*Poa pratensis*), Lanceleaf coreopsis (*Coreopsis lanceolata*), Lentil (*Lens culinaris*), Loblolly pine (*Pinus taeda*), Mung bean (*Vigna radiata*), Muscadine grape (*Vitis rotundifolia*), New Jersey tea (*Ceanothus americanus*), Northern bayberry (*Morella pensylvanica*), Northern red oak (*Quercus rubra*), Norway spruce (*Picea abies*), Oats (*Avena sativa*), Paper birch (*Betula papyrifera*), Pawpaw (*Asimina triloba*), Peanut (*Arachis hypogaea*), Pear (*Pyrus communis*), Pecan (*Carya illinoinensis*), Pomegranate (*Punica granatum*), Quince (*Cydonia oblonga*), Quinoa (*Chenopodium quinoa*), Red alder (*Alnus rubra*), Red maple (*Acer rubrum*), Rhodes grass (*Chloris gayana*), River birch (*Betula nigra*), Safflower (*Carthamus tinctorius*), Saskatoon (serviceberry) (*Amelanchier alnifolia*), Shagbark hickory (*Carya ovata*), Silky dogwood (*Cornus amomum*), Small-leaved lime (*Tilia cordata*), Soft rush (*Juncus effusus*), Sorghum (*Sorghum bicolor*), Soybean (*Glycine max*), Spelt (*Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta*), Sugar maple (*Acer saccharum*), Sunflower (*Helianthus annuus*), Sweetgum (*Liquidambar styraciflua*), Switchgrass (*Panicum virgatum*), Tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*), Tulip poplar (*Liriodendron tulipifera*), Virginia pine (*Pinus virginiana*), Virginia wildrye (*Elymus virginicus*), Western redcedar (*Thuja plicata*), White lupin (*Lupinus albus*), White oak (*Quercus alba*), Wild bergamot (*Monarda fistulosa*), Yarrow (*Achillea millefolium*) ## Suits, with lime, sulfur or irrigation (23) - Bald cypress (*Taxodium distichum*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.0 or less — sulfur - Balsam fir (*Abies balsamea*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.0 or less — sulfur - Barley (*Hordeum vulgare*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Big bluestem (*Andropogon gerardii*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Blue grama (*Bouteloua gracilis*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.6 or more — lime - Buffalograss (*Bouteloua dactyloides*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Buffelgrass (*Cenchrus ciliaris*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Cassava (*Manihot esculenta*) — water: 54 in of rain, needs 60 — irrigate; pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 5.5 or less — sulfur - Eggplant (*Solanum melongena*) — water: 54 in of rain, needs 60 — irrigate - Fourwing saltbush (*Atriplex canescens*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.6 or more — lime - Fox sedge (*Carex vulpinoidea*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.8 or more — lime - Fraser fir (*Abies fraseri*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 5.5 or less — sulfur - Noble fir (*Abies procera*) — water: 54 in of rain, needs 64 — irrigate - Northern spicebush (*Lindera benzoin*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.0 or less — sulfur - Partridge pea (*Chamaecrista fasciculata*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Phacelia (*Phacelia tanacetifolia*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.4 or more — lime - Prickly pear (*Opuntia ficus-indica*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 7.0 or more — lime - Purple coneflower (*Echinacea purpurea*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Red clover (*Trifolium pratense*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Sea buckthorn (*Hippophae rhamnoides*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime - Shortleaf pine (*Pinus echinata*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.0 or less — sulfur - Sitka spruce (*Picea sitchensis*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 5.7 or less — sulfur - Yellow sweet clover (*Melilotus officinalis*) — pH: topsoil 6.2, needs 6.5 or more — lime ## Suits, with cautions (64) - American plum (*Prunus americana*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 40 in maximum - Annual ryegrass (*Lolium multiflorum*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK; season: PLANTS lists 225 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short - Arizona cypress (*Cupressus arizonica*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 30 in maximum - Bermudagrass (*Cynodon dactylon*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 2 US state(s): AR, NJ; season: PLANTS lists 225 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short; winter: average low 11 °F, below the 22 °F PLANTS lists - Big sagebrush (*Artemisia tridentata*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 16 in maximum - Birdsfoot trefoil (*Lotus corniculatus*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 3 US state(s): AK, DE, MO; winter: average low 11 °F is within 5 °F of its 7 °F limit - Black cherry (*Prunus serotina*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Black chokeberry (aronia) (*Aronia melanocarpa*) — winter: average low 11 °F, below the 24 °F PLANTS lists - Black locust (*Robinia pseudoacacia*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 5 US state(s): CT, MI, MO, NY, WI - Bok choy (*Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Buckwheat (*Fagopyrum esculentum*) — season: PLANTS lists 365 frost-free days, implausible for an annual — not used; water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Bur oak (*Quercus macrocarpa*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Butterfly milkweed (*Asclepias tuberosa*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Canada wildrye (*Elymus canadensis*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Chinese cabbage (*Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Chinese chestnut (*Castanea mollissima*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Chokecherry (*Prunus virginiana*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Claytonia (miner's lettuce) (*Claytonia perfoliata*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 36 in maximum - Colorado blue spruce (*Picea pungens*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Creeping red fescue (*Festuca rubra*) — winter: average low 11 °F is within 5 °F of its 7 °F limit - Crimson clover (*Trifolium incarnatum*) — season: PLANTS lists 210 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short - Dandelion (*Taraxacum officinale*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - English walnut (*Juglans regia*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - False indigo bush (*Amorpha fruticosa*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): CT - Hairy vetch (*Vicia villosa*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Highbush blueberry (*Vaccinium corymbosum*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Indiangrass (*Sorghastrum nutans*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Leyland cypress (*× Cuprocyparis leylandii*) — winter: average low 11 °F is within 5 °F of its 7 °F limit - Little bluestem (*Schizachyrium scoparium*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris*) — season: PLANTS lists 250 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short - Maize (corn) (*Zea mays*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Mizuna (*Brassica rapa var. japonica*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Mustard greens (*Brassica juncea*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Ogeechee tupelo (*Nyssa ogeche*) — season: PLANTS lists 270 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short - Orchardgrass (*Dactylis glomerata*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 2 US state(s): AK, NJ; winter: average low 11 °F is within 5 °F of its 7 °F limit - Osage orange (*Maclura pomifera*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): MO; water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 40 in maximum - Paulownia (*Paulownia tomentosa*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 4 US state(s): AL, CT, NC, WI - Pearl millet (*Cenchrus americanus*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Perennial ryegrass (*Lolium perenne*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Ponderosa pine (*Pinus ponderosa*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 25 in maximum - Prairie cordgrass (*Spartina pectinata*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 35 in maximum - Proso millet (*Panicum miliaceum*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Pussy willow (*Salix discolor*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Rapeseed (canola) (*Brassica napus*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Red raspberry (*Rubus idaeus*) — soil: PLANTS lists it as not adapted to medium-textured soil - Rice (*Oryza sativa*) — water: grown flooded — needs a field that holds a flood (a tight subsoil, levees) and water to fill it; the season is not the limit here - Rosemary (*Salvia rosmarinus*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Rye (*Secale cereale*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 50 in maximum - Sainfoin (*Onobrychis viciifolia*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Sandbar willow (*Salix interior*) — soil: PLANTS lists it as not adapted to medium-textured soil - Scots pine (*Pinus sylvestris*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 45 in maximum - Sea oats (*Uniola paniculata*) — winter: average low 11 °F is within 5 °F of its 7 °F limit - Silver buffaloberry (*Shepherdia argentea*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 30 in maximum - Slash pine (*Pinus elliottii*) — season: PLANTS lists 250 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short - Smooth sumac (*Rhus glabra*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): MO - Sourwood (*Oxydendrum arboreum*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 40 in maximum - Sudangrass (*Sorghum × drummondii*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 40 in maximum - Sunn hemp (*Crotalaria juncea*) — season: PLANTS lists 360 frost-free days, implausible for an annual — not used - Tall fescue (*Schedonorus arundinaceus*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 3 US state(s): AK, MO, NJ; winter: average low 11 °F is within 5 °F of its 7 °F limit - Tatsoi (*Brassica rapa var. rosularis*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK - Timothy (*Phleum pratense*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 2 US state(s): AK, NJ - Western wheatgrass (*Pascopyrum smithii*) — water: 54 in of rain, wetter than its 36 in maximum - White clover (*Trifolium repens*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): AK; season: PLANTS lists 250 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) — a little short; winter: average low 11 °F, below the 22 °F PLANTS lists - White mulberry (*Morus alba*) — listed as invasive or noxious in 1 US state(s): WI ## Does not suit, and why (27) - Arabica coffee (*Coffea arabica*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Big-leaf mahogany (*Swietenia macrophylla*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Bitter panicum (*Panicum amarum*) — season: needs 300 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Breadfruit (*Artocarpus altilis*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Coconut (*Cocos nucifera*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Gliricidia (*Gliricidia sepium*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Grapefruit (*Citrus × paradisi*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 31 °F - Guava (*Psidium guajava*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 33 °F - Guinea grass (*Megathyrsus maximus*) — season: needs 300 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Lablab (hyacinth bean) (*Lablab purpureus*) — season: needs 300 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 31 °F - Leucaena (*Leucaena leucocephala*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Mango (*Mangifera indica*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Napier grass (*Cenchrus purpureus*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Papaya (*Carica papaya*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 32 °F - Pigeon pea (*Cajanus cajan*) — season (crop model): no pigeonpea cultivar matures before frost 8 years in 10 — the best in 0% of years; winter: average low 11 °F, survives 31 °F - Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 32 °F - Radiata pine (*Pinus radiata*) — season: needs 300 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Rose gum (*Eucalyptus grandis*) — season: needs 340 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 28 °F - Saltmeadow cordgrass (*Spartina patens*) — season: needs 280 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Sapodilla (*Manilkara zapota*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Soursop (*Annona muricata*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Spanish cedar (*Cedrela odorata*) — season: needs 310 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10); winter: average low 11 °F, survives 27 °F - Sugarcane (*Saccharum officinarum*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Sweet orange (*Citrus × sinensis*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Tamarind (*Tamarindus indica*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) - Velvet bean (*Mucuna pruriens*) — season (crop model): no velvetbean cultivar matures before frost 8 years in 10 — the best in 0% of years - Vetiver (*Chrysopogon zizanioides*) — season: needs 365 frost-free days, has 207 (8 years in 10) ## Not recommended: invasive (13) - Autumn olive (*Elaeagnus umbellata*) - Chinese privet (*Ligustrum sinense*) - Cogongrass (*Imperata cylindrica*) - Crownvetch (*Securigera varia*) - Giant reed (*Arundo donax*) - Japanese honeysuckle (*Lonicera japonica*) - Kudzu (*Pueraria montana var. lobata*) - Multiflora rose (*Rosa multiflora*) - Russian olive (*Elaeagnus angustifolia*) - Saltcedar (*Tamarix ramosissima*) - Sericea lespedeza (*Lespedeza cuneata*) - Water spinach (*Ipomoea aquatica*) — listed as invasive or noxious in United States - Weeping lovegrass (*Eragrostis curvula*) ## For bees - Bees can fly here in February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. - Nothing on the list is recorded in flower in September, October, November: plant for those months. (A gap can also be missing data.) ## For livestock - Dairy cattle face heat stress on 96 to 172 days a year: favour heat-tolerant breeds, shade and water. ## When to propagate By the ways USDA PLANTS lists for each plant, in windows set by this site's median frost dates — common practice for each method, a first approximation. The plant-by-plant list is in propagation.csv. - Seed that needs cold (67 plants): sow outdoors November 3 to December 1; March 31 to April 21 — the first after the fall frost, so winter stratifies it; the second for seed stratified cold and moist indoors. - Seed (114 plants): March 31 to May 30. Food crops with a crop model have their own sowing windows above. - Bare-root stock (101 plants), planted dormant: February 17 to April 14; November 3 to December 15. - Container stock (117 plants), out of midsummer heat: March 31 to May 26; September 8 to November 3. - Hardwood cuttings (65 plants), taken dormant: November 3 to February 17. - Sprigs and sod (26 plants), in warm soil: April 14 to August 25. - Tubers (2 plants): March 31 to April 28. ## No data yet 260 plants on the list have no data in either source yet — mostly fruit, herbs and flowers. *Plant names come from AGROVOC (FAO) and Wikidata where either has one in this language; the rest stay in English. The scientific name is always beside them.* ## Sources Climate: NASA POWER (CC BY 4.0). Soil: USDA NRCS soil survey (public domain). Plants: USDA PLANTS (CC0). Crop models: DSSAT (BSD-3-Clause). Bees: GloBI (CC BY 4.0) and the studies it cites. Fruit chill and heat: Fadón et al. 2020, Agronomy 10:409; González Noguer et al. 2023, Front. Hortic. 2:1217689; Fadón et al. 2023, Agronomy 13:518 (all CC BY 4.0); bloom frost thresholds: Washington State University via Penn State Extension. Plant names: AGROVOC (FAO, CC BY 4.0) and Wikidata (CC0). *Made by fieldmesh advise 0.1.0, data c61f00dace9b, crop models DSSAT 25c93b9.*